Steroids In Baseball Research Paper

But we don't always find it objectionable when people go to extraordinary means to reach the top.

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So perhaps the problem with PEDs is that they are used for the wrong reasons.

Consider Lance Armstrong, who explained to Oprah Winfrey that his use of drugs stemmed from his "ruthless desire to win--to win at all costs." Or consider A-Rod, who used PEDs in the early 2000s "to prove to everyone that I was worth being one of the greatest players of all time." There is clearly something disturbing about an obsession with perfection that drives us towards using illegal substances.

Or do the gods disapprove of murder because it is wrong? After all, the gods aren't acting arbitrarily in disapproving of murder rather than, say, knitting.

They must have a reason for disapproving of murder.

Our disapproval of PEDs is surely more than a disapproval of the hyper-competitive spirit that motivates their use. They're expensive, and not everyone can afford them.

This problem is particularly acute in international competitions such as the Olympics, where poorer countries struggle to provide their athletes with cutting-edge technologies and facilities.

It's not immediately clear, however, why this should count against their use.

When it comes to sports, a certain amount of danger is part of the game.

They're almost certainly no worse than repeated head traumas, and when used in moderation, certain PEDs may be no more dangerous than running marathons. Some philosophers hold that an action is good or bad not because of its effects, but because of the reasons associated with it.

Moreover, as medical research advances and PEDs evolve, the side effects of PEDs are likely to diminish. If I shoot someone for sadistic pleasure, I've done something wrong; but if I shoot someone to prevent him or her from assassinating the president, I've acted heroically.